Breastplate
An item at Metropolitan Museum of Art
The crucified Christ as Savior and Redeemer is boldly represented in the etched decoration of one half of this German breastplate. On the other half a soldier kneels in supplication before the cross, his hands clasped in prayer. From his hands there wafts a tasseled banderole bearing a plea to God for the preservation of his honor and an expression of the hope of eternal salvation: O GOT EREREI HOFNONG (Oh God, Honor[?], Hope), followed by the date 1580. Phrases of this type, known as Stossgebete, are found sporadically on German armor and weapons made throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The figure bears the arms of an infantry officer––appropriately so since the breastplate is of the type and quality made for officers serving on foot or in the light cavalry. The cross, through its association with the Crucifixion of Jesus, became the central image of Christian iconography, symbolizing the sacrifice of Christ, the promise of spiritual salvation, and the Christian Church itself. The term "Christ" is derived from the Greek and Latin for "anointed one," which is equivalent to the Hebrew term "Messiah." "Christ" became synonymous with Jesus through the establishment of belief in him as the divine king and savior anointed by God, whose coming was foretold in the Hebrew scriptures. Jesus as depicted on this breastplate shows many features typical of devotional crucifixion images venerating him as the Christ. Atop the cross is a small scroll inscribed INRI (an abbreviation for the Latin phrase "Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum" (Jesus the Nazarene, King of the Jews), which, according to the Gospels, was placed there by order of Pontius Pilate, the Roman provincial governor who passed sentence on Jesus. Jesus wears the crown of plaited thorns, made by the soldiers to mock him before the Crucifixion. The Crown of Thorns symbolizes the Passion, the final cycle of events in the life of Christ, from his entry into Jerusalem until his death on the cross. The crowned head of Jesus is surrounded by a nimbus, radiant beams of light signifying divinity. At the foot of the cross appear a human skull and bones. In addition to standing as a general symbol of penitence and the transitory nature of life, the skull and bones represent the hill on which the Crucifixion took place, which was known as Golgotha, meaning "place of the skull." According to one apocryphal legend, the Crucifixion occurred on the spot where Adam's bones were buried, in affirmation of Christ's mission as the New Adam.
Arms and Armor
An exhibit at Metropolitan Museum of Art
The principal goals of the Arms and Armor Department are to collect, preserve, research, publish, and exhibit distinguished examples representing the art of the armorer, swordsmith, and gunmaker. Arms and armor have been a vital part of virtually all cultures for thousands of years, pivotal not only in conquest and defense, but also in court pageantry and ceremonial events. Throughout time the best armor and weapons have represented the highest artistic and technical capabilities of the society and period in which they were made, forming a unique aspect of both art history and material culture.